بررسی شیوه های اثرپذیری اقبال لاهوری از شعر حافظ شیرازی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
حافظ شاعری است که بر طیف وسیعی از شاعران هم روزگار و پس از خود، هم در حوزه زبان فارسی و هم در خارج از آن تأثیر داشته و منبع الهام و منشأ خلاقیت کثیری از بزرگان شعر و ادب در سراسر جهان بوده است. در این میان اقبال لاهوری متفکر و شاعر پاکستانی که به اثرپذیری از مولوی شهرت دارد و در اوان جوانی با حافظ و اندیشه های او مخالف بوده، از جمله کسانی است که در میان شاعران شبه قاره، بیشترین اثرپذیری را از شعر حافظ داشته؛ اما تاکنون این موضوع مورد توجه پژوهشگران قرار نگرفته است. با توجه به این مسئله، پژوهش پیشِ رو کوشیده است تا ضمن کشف نمونه های اثرپذیری اقبال از حافظ در دیوان فارسی و اردوی وی، نمونه های استخراج شده را با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی طبقه بندی و بررسی کند. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد اثرپذیری شعر اقبال از حافظ، وجوه و اشکال گوناگونی همچون اثرپذیری واژگانی، گزاره ای، گزارشی، تلمیحی، تصویری، ساختاری، الهامی-بنیادی و... دارد و هر دو ساحت صورت و مضمون را دربرمی گیرد.The investigation of the Methods Iqbal Lahori influenced by Hafez Shirazi's Poetry
Hafez is one of the poets who influenced a wide range of speakers and poets of his time and after it. He has had an impact on Persian language both in and out of Iran and has been the source of inspiration and creativity of many great poets and writers around the world. Meanwhile, Iqbal Lahori, a Pakistani thinker and poet known for being influenced by Rumi and in his youth for being against Hafez and his thoughts. Iqbal is among those who have been most influenced by Hafez's poetry among the poets of the subcontinent, but so far this issue has not been considered by researchers. With regard to this issue, the present study has tried to classify and examine the extracted samples (by descriptive-analytical method) of the influence of Hafez's poetry in his Persian and Urdu Divan. The results of the research show that the influence of Hafez on Iqbal's poetry has various aspects and forms such as lexical, propositional, narrative, allusive, visual, structural, inspirational-fundamental, etc. and covers both the content and the subject areas. IntroductionHafez is a poet who has greatly influenced his contemporary poets, the flow of lyric poetry in Persian literature, and the thought and poetry of many poets after him. Even in our time great poets like Mohammad Hossein Shahriyar, Houshang Ebtehaj, etc., sometimes under the influence of Hafez's thought and language, have written poetry. Globally and internationally, the thought and poetry of Hafez had lovers like Goethe. Since the theme of most of Hafez's sonnets is romantic-mystical, some scholars consider his poem as the intersection of two historical flows of romantic and mystical lyric poetry in Iran. (See Shamisa, 1370: 132) Nevertheless, Hafez has expressed themes of social criticism such as the struggle against hypocrisy, criticism of Sufis and other classes, as well as educational topics in the form of advice, sometimes in ancestral language and sometimes in humorous language in his poems. This style of Hafez later became a major part of most of the themes in his poetry; Like Sufi criticism, it has become a literary tradition, and followers of Hafez's style and thought have used these themes in their poems for centuries.Another point is that some scholars liken Hafez's sonnets to a prism that anyone can interpret according to their own intellectual background and psychology. This symbolic and metaphorical aspect of Hafez's poetry causes more audiences to sympathize with him and many poets to follow his lyric style. Therefore, Hafez not only in Iran, but also outside the geographical borders of today's Iran, including the entire geography of cultural Iran - from the subcontinent to Central Asia, Transoxiana and Asia Minor - as well as the Arab world and later, Europe and America also have fans and followers. In the meantime, one of the centers of interest in Hafez's poetry and thought is Pakistan where the ancient and contemporary poets of this country like Moazullah Mumand, Waqif Lahori, Kazem Khan Sheida and most importantly Allama Iqbal Lahori have been influenced by Hafez's poetry. According to this, the fundamental issue of this research is discovering, extracting, classifying, and analyzing various aspects and methods Iqbal Lahori influenced by Hafez's poetry and thoughts. Therefore, the present research has tried to study and analyze the forms and methods Iqbal Lahori was influenced by Hafez Shirazi consciously and unconsciously using poetic evidences extracted from the Persian and Urdu Divan of this great poet of the subcontinent.1.1. Research methodologyThis article is a theoretical research product that has tried based on written sources and using the descriptive-analytical method to examine the forms, types, and manifestations of influence of Hafez's poetry on Iqbal Lahori's poetry and the quality of Hafez’s poetry form and content influence on Iqbal's poetry. The meaning of the quality of form influence is the part of literary tricks that Iqbal has used in reflecting and retelling the ideas and themes of Hafez's poetry. DiscussionThe influence of literary works, especially the poetry of poets, is common which can be studied by adopting different approaches. In traditional Persian rhetoric, some of these effects with concepts such as adaptation, guarantee (Darj va Hal), and plagiarism were designed and reviewed. In the middle of the twentieth century, with the development of intertextual theory in Roland Barthes' views, the whole circle, and finally the works of Yulia Kristeva, a new chapter was opened to study and analyze this common literary phenomenon. Gerard Jeannett, Laurent Genie, Michael Rifatter and others tried to complete it and use terms for it. They used collage, modeling, montage, postage, and so on. Although the use of intertextual theory, which in recent years with the prevalence of fundamental theory research, has become a topic of interest in literary research, especially in the field of comparative literature, this research tries to, by adopting indigenous and middle strategies -Between the traditional method and intertextuality method-, investigate and analyze the types of influence of Iqbal Lahori from Hafez. The terms used in this research are more adapted from the book "Manifestation of Quran and Hadith in Persian Poetry" Written by Seyed Mohammad Rastgoo which has divided being influenced by the Qur'an and Hadith in poetry into vocabulary, Proposition, interpretational, Inspired-fundamental, allusive, interpretative, Comparative, Visual, stylistic-structural, methodical and multifaceted. Some of these cases are subdivided into subdivisions. Considering that most of the approaches to intertextual studies have been largely replicated due to their frequent use in these years, using this method in classifying the types of impression, maybe in open new ways be effective in this field and localization of these concepts. According to this method, the types of influence of Persian and Urdu poetry of Iqbal Lahori from Hafez Shirazi can be divided into several general categories:1- The influence of vocabulary (words) that are divided into three groups: borrowing, translation, and processing.2- Propositional influence, which includes various types of impact at the sentence level, such as adaptation, guarantee, and analysis.3- Interpretational influence, which includes sentence translation and interpretation.4- Inspirational-fundamental influence5- allusive influence6- Visual impact7- Structural influence ConclusionExamining Iqbal Lahori's poetry, we find that despite Iqbal's reputation for opposing Hafez's ideas at the outset, Hafez has had a wide and deep influence in terms of form and meaning in Iqbal Lahori’s poetry. This influence is not limited to Iqbal’s Persian poetry, but it has also influenced the Urdu poetry of this great poet of the subcontinent. The forms of influence by Hafez's poetry on Iqbal Lahori's speech can be found in some cases such as vocabulary (borrowing, translation, outcome), proposition (guarantee and analysis), report (translation and interpretation), inspirational-fundamental, implicit, structural-stylistic, methodological and multidimensional. However, there may have been other forms and examples of influence during the works of this great contemporary poet that have been hidden from the eyes of scholars. One of the remarkable points is that despite his influence on Rumi, Hafez's influence on Iqbal al-Lahori is more in the field of form and manner of expression and thematic techniques rather than in the fields related to worldview and intellectual fields to the extent that among the extracted effective methods, the share of lexical, propositional, and reporting methods and their belongings is more than such things as a fundamental-inspirational or visual influence. A more thought-provoking point in this regard is that one of the main sources of Iqbal and Hafez’s inspiration is the Qur'an, and in the works of both poets there is a high frequency of implicit influence of the Holy Qur'an, but investigation of the way of expression and linguistic-rhetorical arrangements used in referring to the verses, we find that some Qur'anic allusions used in Iqbal's poetry, despite his familiarity with the Qur'an, were done through Hafez's poetry and Hafez's interpretation of the Qur'anic theme overshadowed Iqbal's poetry. ReferencesFarzin Nia, Ziba. (1997). Pakistan. Tehran: Foreign Ministry Printing and Publishing Institute.Ghezelbash, Ghulam ali Kumail. (2004). Comparative study of the poetry of Khoshhal Khan Khattak and Allameh Mohammad Iqbal Lahori Supervisor: Ali Afkhami, PhD Thesis. University of Tehran.Hafiz Shirazi, Shamsuddin Mohammad. (2018). Divan-e-Hafez. Tehran. Osweh Publications.Humayei, Jalaluddin. (2010). Eloquence Skills and Literary Arts. 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