بهزیستی روانشناختی کارکنان: نقش سرمایه های روانشناختی و ارضای نیازهای بنیادین (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی نقش سرمایه های روانشناختی و ارضای نیازهای بنیادین روانشناختی در پیش بینی بهزیستی روانشناختی کارکنان یک شرکت پتروشیمی بود. طرح تحقیق، توصیفی از نوع همبستگی و نمونه پژوهش شامل 351 نفر از کارکنان یک شرکت سهامی پتروشیمی بودند که به روش نمونه گیری تصادفی خوشه ای انتخاب شدند. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات شامل پرسشنامه نیازهای بنیادین روانشناختی، پرسشنامه سرمایه های روانشناختی و پرسشنامه بهزیستی روانشناختی بود. نتایج تحلیل همبستگی حاکی از آن بود که بین سرمایه های روانشناختی و نیازهای بنیادین روانشناختی با بهزیستی روانشناختی رابطه معناداری وجود دارد. همچنین، نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون گام به گام حاکی از این بود که از بین مؤلفه های سرمایه های روانشناختی، خودکارآمدی و امیدواری در پیش بینی بهزیستی روانشناختی نقش معنادار داشتند و درمجموع، 19% از واریانس متغیر وابسته با این دو متغیر پیش بینی شد. همچنین، هر سه مؤلفه نیازهای بنیادین روانشناختی (شایستگی، ارتباط و خودمختاری) توانستند به طور معناداری بهزیستی روانشناختی را پیش بینی کنند؛ بنابراین، افزایش سرمایه های روانشناختی و توجه به نیازهای روانشناختی کارکنان در محیط شغلی، نقش مهمی در افزایش بهزیستی آنان دارد و زمینه ای برای افزایش بهره وری شغلی فراهم می کند.Psychological well-being of employees: the role of Psychological capital and Satisfaction of basic needs
This study aimed to investigate the predictive role of psychological capital and satisfying basic psychological needs in the psychological well-being of Petrochemical employees. The research method was descriptive-correlational, and the research sample consisted of 351 A Petrochemical Company employees selected by random cluster sampling. The data collection tools included the Basic Psychological Needs Questionnaire, Psychological capital Questionnaire, and Psychological Welfare Questionnaire. The correlation analysis results showed a significant relationship between basic psychological needs and psychological capital with psychological well-being. The results of stepwise regression analysis also showed that among the components of psychological capital, self-efficacy and hope played a significant role in predicting psychological well-being. All components of basic psychological needs were able to predict psychological well-being too significantly. Therefore, improving psychological capital and paying attention to the psychological needs of employees can play an important role in increasing their well-being and provide a basis for increasing job productivity. Introduction * Psychological well-being is a concept referring to emotional and psychological conditions as well as overall satisfaction with life (Obrenovic et al., 2020). A high sense of well-being is associated with a positive evaluation of life events, while a low level of well-being and negative assessment of life events can lead to negative emotions (Myers & Diener, 1995). It has been mentioned that employees who experience high levels of well-being have good work efficiency (Nielsen et al., 2017). Psychological capital is a factor influencing the development and maintenance of psychological well-being. It consists of four components: self-efficacy (belief in the usefulness of oneself), optimism (having positive credentials), hope (persistence and direction toward success), and resilience (resistance in the face of problems, Luthans et al., 2007). Today, psychological capital can be considered as the basis of competitive advantage in organizations after human and social capital (Avey et al., 2009). Research has confirmed the role of psychological capital in increasing psychological well-being (Onuoha & Bada, 2016). Basic psychological needs are among the other factor that affect psychological well-being in the form of three types of requirements: autonomy, competence, and communication. Failure to satisfy these needs can lead to psychological disorders, but satisfying them can cause well-being (Diseth et al., 2012; Vansteenkiste & Ryan, 2013). Therefore, the current study sought to investigate the role of psychological capital and meeting basic psychological needs in predicting the psychological well-being among employees of a petrochemical company. Method The present study was a descriptive-analytical correlation study. The population of this research comprised of the employees of Shazand Petrochemical Company in 2020-2021. Considering that the research community had separate boundaries in terms of job units and different characteristics and features prevailed in each unit, 351 persons were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. The measurement tools were the Psychological Well-Being (Reif, 1989), the Psychological Capital (Luthans and Auliou, 2007), and the Basic Psychological Needs (Garcia et al., 2000) scales. The psychometric properties of all instruments were approved in the country of origin as well as in Iranian society. After the questionnaires were completed by the participants, the data were analyzed by step-by-step regression method. Results Descriptive information and correlation matrix of research variables are presented in Table 1. Table 1. Descriptive Information and Correlation Matrix of Research Variables 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Standard deviation mean variables 1 1.86 74.79 Psychological well-being 1 1 ** -0.24 6.61 29.53 Autonomy 2 1 ** 0.63 ** 0.35- 5.42 23.96 Competence 3 1 ** 0.59 ** 0.75 * -0.10 7.18 35.98 Relatedness 4 1 ** 0.28 * 0.11 ** 0.29 ** 0.36 4.88 27.63 Self-efficacy 5 1 ** 0.59 ** 0.43 ** 0.33 ** 0.40 * 0.13 5.23 29.66 Optimism 6 1 ** 0.62 ** 0.58 ** 0.38 ** 0.30 ** 0.42 0.04 5.66 23.78 hopelessness 7 1 ** 0.67 ** 0.76 ** 0.58 ** 0.36 ** 0.29 ** 0.42 * 0.13 4.84 24.14 Resiliency 8 ** p<0/01 * p<0/05 Among the psychological capitals, only the relationship between hope and well-being was not significant. However, among the basic psychological needs, the relationship between all three needs and psychological well-being was statistically significant ( p <0.05). The presuppositions of regression were examined before its implementation. Examining the normal distribution of variables (branch and leaf diagram and column diagram) and outlier data (Mahalanobis distances) indicated that these two assumptions were met. In addition, the independence of errors (Durbin-Watson test) showed a value of 1.79 (in the 1.5-2.5 range), which confirmed this assumption ( p <0.05). The Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) values also showed that the collinearity did not occur in research variables. Table 2 shows the summary of the model and the regression results of predicting psychological well-being based on the components of psychological capital. Table 2. Summary Of Model and Prediction Results of Psychological Well-Being Based on Psychological Capital Components Sig F T Beta B R 2 change R 2 R Model 0/0001 48/30 6/61 0/36 0/79 0/13 0/13 0.36 Self-efficacy Step1 0/0001 35/66 8/44 4/89 0/55 0/32 1/21 0/60 0/06 0/20 0/45 Self-efficacy and Hopelessness Step2 Results shows that self-efficacy (β = .36) and hope (β = .32) were significant predictors of psychological well-being among the components of psychological capital. In the first step, self-efficacy explained for 13% of the variance of changes in psychological well-being (F=8.43, p <0001). In the second step, the addition of hope explained for another 7% of the variance in psychological well-being (F=66.35, p <0001), leading to the prediction of approximately 19% of the variance in psychological well-being. The summary of the model and regression results of psychological well-being prediction based on the components of basic psychological needs are presented in Table 3. Table 3. Summary of Model and Prediction Results of Psychological Well-Being Based on Basic Psychological Needs' Components Sig F T Beta B R 2 change R 2 R Model 0/0001 39/64 6/29 -0/35 -0/69 0/12 0/12 0/35 Competence Step1 0/0001 22/73 6/64 2/28 -0/44 -0/15 -0/88 -0/23 0/01 0/14 0/37 Competence and communication Step2 0/0001 17/33 5/20 3/28 2/40 -0/38 -0/28 -0/21 -0/75 -0/41 -0/34 0/01 0/15 0/39 Competence, communication, Autonomy Step3 The results indicated that competence (β = .38), communication (β = .28), and autonomy (β = .21) were significant predictors of psychological well-being. In the first step, competence accounted for 12% of the variance of changes in psychological well-being (F=39.64, p <0001). In the second step, the addition of communication explained for another 1.5% of the variance in psychological well-being (F=22.73, p<0001). Finally, the addition of autonomy accounted for 16% of the variance of psychological well-being (F=17.33, p <0001). Conclusion This study examined the psychological well-being of employees from Shazand Petrochemical Company based on psychological capital and satisfaction of their basic psychological needs. The findings showed that the relationships between self-efficacy, optimism, and resilience with psychological well-being were positive and significant. These results were consistent with those of Sephund et al., (2018) and Okan (2020). Psychological capital affects topics such as organizational commitment and job satisfaction and has a negative relationship with pessimism as an anti-productive behavior. The regression analysis results showed that the two variables of self-efficacy and hope had a significant role in predicting psychological well-being. Researchers have reported the role of self-efficacy in psychological well-being (Okun, 2020; Onuoha & Bada, 2016). Confidence in personal capabilities in performing assigned tasks is effective in creating a positive feeling about oneself. According to Snyder (Snyder et al, 2007), hope has two cognitive dimensions: the power of obedience or agency and the power of finding a way. Since the second component of hope is close to the sense of self-efficacy, it can be stated that these two components together played a significant role in predicting psychological well-being. It can be mentioned that since in some departments of Shazand Petrochemical Company the duties in a specific unit are left to the individual and there is a progress chance for employees, these two variables have played an important role in predicting psychological well-being. The results also showed that there was a negative relationship between basic needs and psychological well-being. These findings are in line with the findings of Tuyari et al. (2019) and Martella and Sheldon (2019). The need for autonomy is positively related to positive indicators of well-being and negatively correlated to negative indicators of well-being (Tang et al., 2020). Also, satisfying the need for competence is associated with resilience in the face of work environment problems (Ryan & Deci, 2001). Satisfying the need for communication can help enhance well-being by strengthening the sense of social acceptance (Ryan & Deci, 2001). Since delegating part of responsibilities creates a sense of autonomy in this company and the proper performance of assigned tasks causes a sense of competence, the prediction of psychological well-being based on all three components of basic needs was not expected. The limitations of the study include the statistical population of the study which make it difficult to generalize the findings to other industrial environments with different contexts and conditions. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that due to the nature of the research design, interpreting the results in the form of cause-and-effect relationships should be done with caution. It is suggested that supervisors of industrial environments pay more attention to the basic psychological needs of employees and provide the basis for optimal satisfaction of these requirements through making changes in the workspace for providing a basis for increasing job productivity. Ethical Consideration Compliance with Ethical Guidelines: All ethical issues like informed consent and confidentiality of participants’ identifications were compiled based on ethical committee of Arak University. Authors’ Contributions: All authors contributed to the study. The first author performed the data collection and written the first draft of the manuscript. The second author accomplished analyzing the data and edited the manuscript. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest for this study. Funding: This study was conducted with no financial support. Acknowledgment: The authors thank all participants in the study. *. Corresponding author
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