غفار زارعی

In this article, the role and effects of elites in development with emphasis on the development of the tourism industry have been studied that in general, the role of human resources and the thought of political and scientific elites in using domestic and international capacities as a superior model compared to other factors can show their degree of importance on various aspects. The approach of the leaders and elites of countries in providing the grounds for political, educational, and economic growth has been analyzed based on factors related to development and also weaknesses and shortcomings in the lack of balanced stimulus to inclusive development, especially the development of industry have been pointed from a political-executive point of view. The descriptive and analytical method as well as the comparative model with maximum use of capacities and requirements to better understand the effective parameters in the subject and objectives of the research have been the method of this research. The results show that political elites have had positive and sometimes negative effects on the growth and development process, especially the development of the tourism industry.

The evolution of studies of political parties of constitution: The first and second periods show that the evolution of parties indicates that researchers' attitude to political pheno-mena also coincide with the evolution of political realities has been transformed, and the consideration of ideologies in the analysis of the parties have replaced with religious perspectives and anti-authoritarian and constitutionalism. Contrary to the first studies conducted about parties that had deep attention to party organizations and their ideolo-gies, over time, the methods of achieving political power and achieving constitutional constitution in the first phase of examining a brief overview of different perspectives on parties separate from that is a way to get acquainted with the most important aspects of the life of the parties illustrates the fact that in the political sciences can refer to a new knowledge called "sociology of political parties"; a knowledge, which has placed a set of coherent insights and in practice undergone significant changes. The purpose of this paper is an overview on the emergence and development of political parties of the con-stitution, focusing on the first and second periods. Instead of examining the theory of all the authors that is about political parties of the constitution, it might be better to ex-amine the evolution of views in this regard, and only to analyze the views of scholars who have specialized studies on the emergence and evolution of political parties in con-stitution specially the first and second periods.