روابط ساختاری ارکان عروضی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
ارکان عروضی از بخش های اصلی دانش عروض به شمار می روند؛ ازهمین رو یادگیری ارکان و نظام حاکم بر آنها در عروض سنتی جایگاهی خاص داشته و شناخت ارکان سالم و مزاحف همواره بخشی بزرگ از این دانش بوده است. با آشکارشدن عیوب عروض سنتی، عروضیان کوشیدند نظام های جدیدی برای تبیین وزن شعر ارائه کنند. در این مسیر هرکدام، ارکان مدّنظر خود را معرفی کردند؛ اما آنچه در این میان مغفول ماند، تبیین رابطه میان ارکان در عروض جدید و ارائه ساختاری برای آنهاست. این امر به آشفتگی در مقدمات و پایه های این دانش و دشواری یادگیری آن انجامیده است. در این پژوهش سعی بر آن بوده است تا روابط میان ارکان شناسایی و به صورت ساختاری تبیین شود. حاصل این تحقیق، شناسایی دو نوع رابطه ساختاری میان ارکان در عروض فارسی است. رابطه نخست براساس افزایش یا کاهش هجاهای آخر ارکان شکل می گیرد و رابطه دوم مبتنی بر مفهوم کهن «دایره عروضی» است و با آن می توان ارکان را از دایره هایی به دست آورد که «دایره های رکنی» می نامیم. بر اساس این دو نوع رابطه، دو ساختار جدید معرفی می شود که به ترتیب «ساختار خطی» و «ساختار دایره محور» نامیده شدند. نتیجه مشترک این دو ساختار نشان می دهد که اگر نظریات نادر را کنار بگذاریم، تعداد ارکان صحیح فارسی از یک هجایی تا پنج هجایی، چهل و چهار رکن است که عبارت اند از: یک رکن یک هجایی، دو رکن دو هجایی، هفت رکن سه هجایی، سیزده رکن چهار هجایی و بیست و یک رکن پنج هجایی.Structural Relations of Prosodic Elements
Prosodic elements are considered the main parts of the Prosody science. So, learning these elements and the system that governs them plays a critical role in traditional prosody. In addition, recognizing the different types of elements (Salim va Mozahaf) shapes a big part of prosody. By realizing the defects of the traditional system, prosodists created new prosodic systems. In this way, each of them introduced their desired prosodic elements. But in the meantime, the explanation of the relationship between the elements in the new prosody and the suggestion of a structure for them was neglected. As a result, it confused the basics of prosody and caused difficulty in learning it. This research aims to identify the relationships between the elements and structurally explain them. The results of the study show two types of structural relationships between Persian prosodic elements. The first is formed based on the increase and decrease of the last syllables of the elements, and the second is based on the old concept of prosodic circles. By using it, all elements can be derived from the circles we call ‘elemental circles’. Based on these two types of relationships, two new prosodic structures are introduced: linear structure and circular structure. The common result shows that, regardless of rare ideas, the number of correct elements of Persian Prosody reaches 44, which are: 1 one-syllable, 2 two-syllable, 7 three-syllable, 13 four-syllable, and 21 five-syllable elements. Keywords: Persian Prosody, Prosodic Elements, Structure. IntroductionProsodic elements are the most practical and perceptible parts of Persian Prosody. We need the prosodic elements to reach a shared and musical understanding of the meters and discuss them. So naming and classifying the prosodic elements is critical in teaching the Prosody. For centuries, traditional Persian prosody derived from Arabic was the only knowledge available to understand the meter of Persian poetry. So, the elements were defined and classified based on the principles of traditional Persian prosody. Since the inherent weaknesses in traditional prosody were revealed in the recent century, efforts began to create new Persian prosody. From the beginning of the new Persian prosody, different suggestions have been proposed for the naming and classifying of the elements. But in the meantime, the explanation of the relationship between the elements in the new Prosody and the suggestion of a structure for them was neglected. So, teaching Persian Prosody has become problematic from the very first step.By examining the elements, this study proposes a new structure for them. In addition to simplifying the process of teaching prosody, these structures will answer questions such as how the elements are formed, the number of elements, and the relationship between them. The two questions that this study seeks to answer are: 1) What are the relationships between Persian prosody elements? 2) Based on these relationships, what structures can be presented for Persian prosody elements? Materials and MethodsThis research is fundamental in terms of theory development and quantitative-qualitative in terms of the type of data. The statistical population is the prosodic elements presented by Hamidi Shirazi, Farzad, Natel Khanlari, Najafi, Shamisa and Vahidian Kamyar. However, the research focuses mainly on the prosodic elements presented by Najafi in his books Meters of Persian Poetry (2016) and Classification of Persian Meters (2018). Because, firstly, Najafi suggested the most elements, and secondly, he analyzed them in the most detailed way. In this research, instead of sampling, the whole statistical population has been studied. The type and order of syllables of each prosodic element and the classifications presented in past prosodists' works have been analyzed and investigated. Research FindingsIn this research, by examining the elements in terms of the type and arrangement of syllables and analyzing the research of past prosodists, two types of objective and concrete structures were identified: linear structure and circular structure.Linear StructureWhat forms the linear structure is the increase or decrease of the syllables from the end of the elements. It is possible to reach a larger element by increasing one syllable to a smaller element or a smaller one by decreasing a syllable. This relationship creates a macro-structure that we call a linear structure. It can contain all Persian prosodic elements. This structure's simplicity, completeness, and predictability make it a suitable tool for teaching prosody.Circular StructureExamining Persian prosody elements from one syllable to five syllables shows that all can be extracted from sixteen circles. A structure that we call "circular structure" is created from these sixteen circles. Unlike the linear structure, this structure has two layers: the inner circle layer that defines the elements of each circle and the outer circle layer that shows the relationships between circles and the position of each circle in an overall structure. Discussion of Results and ConclusionsThis research suggests two structures for defining and classifying the Persian prosodic elements: linear structure and circular structure. Both can introduce a complete narrative for Persian prosody: in a linear structure, Persian prosody initiates from two syllables: short and long. Adding the short and long syllables to their end forms new elements. These elements create the Persian meters by repetition or alternation; everything starts from a long syllable (first circle) in the circular structure. Other circles are obtained hierarchically from this circle. The elements from these circles make up the meters of Persian prosody by repetition or alternation.The number and type of elements obtained from the circular structure are the same as the elements obtained from the linear structure. That is, a total of 44 correct and permissible elements from one to five syllables can be identified for Persian prosody, which is: 1 one-syllable element, 2 two-syllable elements, 7 three-syllable elements, 13 four-syllable elements, and 21 five-syllable elements.
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