تحلیل نشانه شناسی قصیده «المتنبّیِ» جواد الحطّاب با تکیه بر نظریه نشانه شناسیِ شعرِ مایکل ریفاتر (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
یکی از دستاوردهای مایکل ریفاتر در زمینه درک دلالت های زبانی و ژرف ساخت متن، نظریه نشانه شناسی شعر اوست. پژوهش حاضر با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و با تکیه بر رویکرد نشانه شناختی در صدد است فرآیند های نشانه پردازی قصیده «المتنبّی» جواد الحطاب؛ شاعر معاصر عراقی را بر اساس نظریه ریفاتر در دو سطح خوانش اکتشافی و پس کنشانه بررسی و تحلیل نموده تا به لایه های پنهان متن، ایده محوری و رابطه بینامتنی آن با دیگر متون دست یابد. شاعر در این قصیده با بازخوانی گذشته تاریخی و اسطوری و با محکوم کردن اوضاع کنونی، فریاد انتقاد و تغییر سر می دهد و با به کار گیری شخصیت های تاریخی، دینی و اسطوری به ترسیم اوضاع کنونی عراق و ایدئولوژی های خویش می پردازد. در سطح نخست (اکتشافی)، مخاطب با تصویرهای رمزآلود از دوران حکومت خلفای عباسی و متنبّی شاعر رو به رو می شود که صرفاً مجموعه ای از اخبار متناقض و متضاد است که خواننده خلاق را اقناع نمی کند؛ اما در خوانش سطح دو (پس کنشانه) با بهره جستن از توانش ادبی و گذر از سطح محاکاتی به سطحی بالاتر و بررسی عناصر «غیر دستوری» و نشانه پردازیِ هر یک از آنها، به «انباشت ها» و «منظومه های توصیفی» دست می یابد که بیان گر فضای فکری مسلط و حاکم بر قصیده است. سپس با کشف هیپوگرام به دلالت های معنایی و ضمنی متن دست یافته و در نهایت به تحصیل ماتریس یا خاستگاه اصلی متن نائل می گردد. تحلیل این قصیده نشان می دهد ایده محوری متن، نقد فضای آفت بار جامعه عراق، اعتراض و انتقاد از سیاست های ناکارآمد حاکمان و مشروعیت زدایی از سلطه حاکم با تکیه بر استراتژی بینامتنیت و ریشخند و ناسازواری استAnalysis of Jawad Al-hattab's ode of "Al-mutanabbi", based on Michael Riffaterre's theory of semiotics in poetry
One of Michael Riffaterre's achievements in understanding the linguistic and deep implications of the text is his theory of Semiotics in poetry. In the present study, the ode of "Al-mutanabbi" is explained in two levels of Heuristic reading and Retroactive reading by using the mentioned theory and by descriptive-analytical method. At the first level, the audience is confronted with a collection of news that does not convince the reader with literary ability;Therefore, in the second level reading, leads to the accumulation of "the caliphate of the second Abbasid period, the events of the history of Islam and critical expression and ridicule" and the descriptive systems of "The political situation in Iraq, the confrontation between right and wrong, betrayal, power-seeking" by examining Ungramaticalitis. Then, obtains the semantic and implicit meanings of the text by discovering the hypogram, and finally reaches the Matrix, which is protesting and criticizing the actions of the rulers of that time with bitter humor and mockery.Ode Hypogram are also based on a bitter and biting critique on the domination and rule of incompetent people during the history, false domination through betrayal, corruption and its dire consequences, lost Arab power, The betrayal of internal factors, and the division and defeat of the currents of resistance in the present era. Introduction One of Michael Riffaterre’s achievements in understanding the linguistic and deep implications of the text is his theory of Semiotics in poetry. The first step in analyzing a poem based on Riffaterre’s theory of Semiotics is to read it in two levels of Heuristic reading and Retroactive reading. "Heuristic reading" or perceptual reading is the first stage in decoding the poem and its direction is in accordance with the direction of linear movement of the poem, i.e. from top to bottom and from the first line to the last line, and the second stage is the Retroactive reading in which the reader goes beyond the level of meaning and seeks the implicit implications of the poem (Payandeh, 2018, 2-28). He also considers the processes of comprehension and interpretation to require two types of abilities; understanding a text requires linguistic ability and interpreting it requires literary ability or "literary ability". Literary ability leads the reader to go beyond non-grammatical aspects of language and to a higher level of meaning, and finally to discover the matrix and structural network (Payandeh, 2018, 5-7). This network cannot be deduced directly, but is accessible through accumulations, systems, and reminders that ultimately unite poetry. This study, based on the semiotic approach, seeks to analysis the semiotics processes of ode "Al-Mutanabbi" written by Javad Al-Huttab, the contemporary Iraqi poet,; based on this theory, in two levels of Heuristic reading and Retroactive reading in order to reach the hidden layers of the text, its central idea and its intertextual relationship with other texts. It is necessary to mention that despite Riffatter's emphasis on intra-textual relations in the analysis of poetry, he also points to the need for the reader to pay attention to the text from outside of it and to know its living and social environment. Therefore, in this ode, the hypertext and the discovery of codes, symbols, and other technical techniques such as the summoning of traditional characters, literary inconsistencies, mockery, bitter humor, etc. are also discussed to find answers for the following two questions: According to Riffatter's theory, how does the semiotics of ode of "Al-Mutanabbi" help the audience to reach deeper layers of the text? Which descriptive systems, accumulation, hypogram and matrix can be achieved by using Riffatter's theory of Semiotics in the ode of " Al-mutanabbi "? Research Method The present study, based on the descriptive-analytical method and relying on Michael Riffatter's Semiotics approach, tries to analyze Javad Al-hattab's ode of "Al-mutanabbi", in order to reach his most important ideologies and positioning, as well as discover the structural and pivotal network of poetry (matrix) and its intertextual relationship with other texts . Discussion The ode of "Al-Mutanabbi" is the first poem in the"Akilon Mousiqi Ala Jossate Piano" (The Crown of Music on the Body of the Piano) Divan, that the reader with literary ability, by contemplation on the linguistic text of this divan and its words and contents, which seem superficial and simple, realizes that each of its words carries implicit meanings that go beyond words and dominate the poet's poems. In this poem, the poet has cleverly chosen the second era of the Abbasid caliphate, which one of the prominent features of this period is the weakness of the caliphate and the gradual disappearance of its dignity and glory. In this poem, the audience is confronted with chaotic, mysterious and symbolic images and scenes, which are in fact an objective picture of the current realities in Iraq, which to express and draw it, the poet has resorted to a set of implicit meanings, contrasts, contradictions and confusions, and cleverly, he uses these tools and mechanisms in a wonderful way, and by mixing the facts of the current Iraqi society with the traditional characters called in the ode, expresses his unspoken words in their language. In this poem, the poet shouts criticism and changes by re-reading the historical and mythical past and condemning the current situation and depicts the current situation in Iraq and its ideologies by using historical, religious and mythological figures. Conclusion In answer to the first question, we can say; by analyzing Javad Al-hattab's ode of "Al-mutanabbi" based on Michael Riffatter's point of view and relying on literary ability, the authors were able to understand the meaning of each of the scattered signs in the text and then achieve a single structure of the text. Among the strategies used in this poem is the mask technique as well as the intertextual strategy, which the poet uses to bring together the past and the present and to express hidden truths through literary inconsistencies and the language of bitter humor and mockery. This approach combines each of the grammatical elements in the text and discovers the relationship between them through synonymy, virtual relationship, metaphorical, symbolic, etc. to draw descriptive accumulations and collections and then discover the central idea helps the audience to understand its semantic layers. In answer to the second question, we can say that the matrix or the main origin of the text is obtained by processes such as accumulation and descriptive systems and the expansion of each of them; In the study of this poem in the process of accumulation, three chains of words with the meaning of "the second Abbasid period, the events of Islamic history and humiliation and ridicule" were obtained. In the discussion of descriptive systems, four descriptive systems with semantic cores "reflection of the political situation in Iraq, conflict between right and wrong, betrayal, deception and power-seeking, and anger and protest" express the dominant intellectual atmosphere of this poem, which is obtained by arranging a set of words with abstract codes around the constellations. Continuing to answer the second question, the dominant and main hypograms of the text is " describing the dire political situation in Iraq and the bitter and biting criticism of the ruling regime and their actions, lost Arab dignity and authority due to the legitimacy of incompetent people and the influence of foreign agents, betrayal and fragmentation of internal factors and the failure of currents of resistance in the present age which these themes have been repeated in different ways in the text due to scattered signs. Finally, the main matrix or source of the text, based on the evidence, is "critique of the deplorable atmosphere of Iraqi society, protest and criticism of the inefficient policies of the rulers, and delegitimization of the ruling condition" which has been obtained following the Retroactive reading of the poems. 5-References 1- Alen, Graham, 2009, Intertextuality ,3th edition, (P. Yazdanjoo, Trans.) 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