روایت کاتبانه در نسخه های خطی دیوان حافظ (با تکیه بر اشتیاق نامه ها) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
در کنار تلاش ها برای تصحیح متن و نزدیک شدن به صورت اصیل آن، مسئله دیگری اهمیت می یابد و آن بررسی نسخه هاست که درواقع متن های متکثر و حاصل بازآفرینی های کاتبانه است. دگرسانی های موجود در نسخه ها در عوامل مختلفی ریشه دارند و بی تردید تکوین بسیاری از آنها خارج از اختیار کاتبان بوده است؛ اما سرانجام با عبور از صافی ذهن کاتب ایجاد شده اند. این دگرسانی ها جولانگاه تغییراتی هستند که انتظام می یابند و روایت کاتبانه را بازمی نمایند. روایت کاتبانه حاصل بازی با گفتمان ها و تضعیف یا تقویت آنهاست. کاتبْ گزینشگر نهایی متن از میان دو یا چندگانگی هایی است که از دو جا نشأت می گیرند: الف) نسخه ها و شیوه های کتابت؛ ب) زمینه های اجتماعی و فرهنگی. در این پژوهش، قلمرو «عشق مجازی» ازنظر تغییرات گفتمانیِ کاتبانه بررسی می شود. از جلوه گاه های عشق مجازی، درونمایه فراق زمینه معنایی اشتیاق نامه ها را تشکیل می دهد و ازنظر صورت، به نگارشِ نامه نزدیک اند. بعضی از نسخه های دیوان حافظ با حضور و غیبت اشتیاق نامه ها جایگاه گفتمانی متن را تغییر داده اند. در این مقاله با معرفی این نسخه ها، کوشیده ایم تا نشان دهیم عملکرد نسخه ها در این باب وابسته به جامعه گفتمانی ای است که در آن پدید آمده اند.Scribal Narrative in the Manuscripts of Hafez's Divan Based on Eshtiagh-Nameha (Letters of Eagerness)
In addition to the importance of examining manuscripts to find the original form of a text, another important issue is the study of manuscripts as multiple texts and the result of literary recreating. Alterations in the manuscripts are rooted in various factors, many of which have been undoubtedly beyond the scribers’ control; but in the end, they are created by passing through the filter of the scriber's mind. These alterations are the hotbed of changes that open up a scribal narrative, which is the result of playing with discourses and weakening or strengthening them. The scriber is the ultimate selector of the text from two or more multiple manuscripts. Part of it is related to manuscripts and writing methods and another part is its social and cultural contexts. Virtual love in Hafez's poetry is one of the realms, in which literary discourse changes can be found. One of the manifestations of virtual love is Eshtiagh-Nameh (Letter of Eagerness), the semantic background of which is the theme of separation. It is close to writing a letter in terms of form. Some manuscripts of Hafez's Divan have changed the discourse of the text in the presence and absence of the mentioned letters. In this article, by introducing these versions, we tried to show that the performance of the manuscripts in this regard depended on the discourse community, in which they were located.
Introduction
In recent decades, after Iranian researchers became acquainted with the common methods of "Correction of Texts in the West", this knowledge was given more attention and expanded theoretically and methodically. The common denominator of these methods is the goal that the editor seeks to achieve, that is, to obtain a revised form close to the original form of a text. In such an approach, variants are considered as a marginal and transverse aspect, mainly due to the errors in the scribes. The issue of the present research was formed exactly at this point. What form will the problem take if we want to pay attention to the variants and their alterations instead of focusing on the original form and consider them not as the result of the scribers' error, but as the result of the discourse conditions governing the text writing? We chose the 9th-century AH manuscripts of Hafez's Divan as the "case study" because a significant collection of his manuscripts had been introduced and reported. Our statistical population in this research included the 59th-century manuscripts of Hafez's Divan that Neisari (2007) had collected in the book of "Variant Readings in Qazals of Hafez".
Materials and Methods
A scribal narrative can be contrasted with an authorial narrative and given a separate identity. Scribers usually write their own narratives by making changes and alterations in their texts. In this article, we looked at some of the textual and discourse cues to show how the elements of Eshtiagh-Namih discourse were regulated, omitted, or altered in some manuscripts. The frequencies and qualities of the presence of 26 Eshtiagh-Namehs varied in the different manuscripts so much so that they could be classified into two groups: First, the group that had fully recorded the letters and included most of the manuscripts; we called them "convergent" group of of manuscripts. Second, the manuscripts that had tried to remove and reject the letters and therefore copied a small number of them. The second group of manuscripts, which had discourse changes due to deletions, was interpreted as the "transformative" group of of manuscripts. We showed that the performance of the manuscripts in deleting or maintaining the letters had been influenced by their discourse community. Hence, we identified 3 discourse communities for these versions.
Discussion of Results & Conclusions
Examination of the types of alterations in the manuscripts of Hafez's Divan showed that some versions contained a different narrative from the majority of the manuscripts. A manuscript with emphasis on a particular discourse might try to highlight it, while other versions might have sought to weaken or eliminate the elements of that discourse. In the case of Eshtiagh-Nameh, which was part of the discourse of earthly love and was sometimes revealed as a genre in the lyric poems, some of the manuscripts had preserved it. By examining the purpose of formations of these manuscripts, it was clear that the emphasis on maintaining the Eshtiagh-Namihs was influenced by their discourse communities. Each writer was a member of the discourse community according to his goals and beliefs, which had guided his authorial narrative. The same was true about the copies that had weakened or eliminated the letters of eagerness. Weakening or strengthening a discourse in the written narrative is done by making changes in the three levels of sonnet, verse, and vocabulary, which is a matter of concern.
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