ارتقای کیفیت محیطی ورودی شهرها با توجه به دیدگاه مردم، نمونه پژوهش: ورودی های شهر سقز (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
رشد سریع جمعیت در نواحی شهری پیامدهای منفی بر زندگی شهرنشینان دارد و با گسترش بی رویه و نسنجیده شهرها فرم و قالب آن به هم می ریزد و باعث ایجاد بی نظمی در سلسله مراتب ساختاری شهر می شود. ورودی های شهرها از گذشته تاکنون شکل ها و نقش های گوناگونی داشته اند که به فراخور زمان تغییراتی پیدا کرده و در این فرایند تغییر در شکلی جدید متبلور شده اند. امروزه بافت ورودی شهرها ساختمان های بی هویت و فرسوده و زمین های رهاشده است که پاسخگوی نیاز کارکردی نیست و فاقد هویت و عملکرد اتصال دو فضای متفاوت است و چهره ای نازیبا به شهرها داده است. هدف پژوهش حاضر، شناخت عوامل مؤثر بر ارتقای کیفیت ورودی های شهر از دیدگاه مردم است. این پژوهش ازنظر هدف، کاربردی است؛ روش آن، توصیفی از نوع همبستگی مقطعی و براساس ماهیت داده ها، کمی و برحسب نحوه اجرا، پیمایشی است. نتایج حاصل از این بررسی براساس نظرات مردم نشان می دهد متغیرهای محیط زیست و فضای سبز و متغیر ترافیکی و امکانات و مبلمان ترجیح بیشتری داشته اند؛ همچنین ادغام رویکردهای ادراک عمومی و متخصص در فرایندهای مدیریت منظر به پیشرفت های منظر شهری کمک می کند. درنهایت می توان گفت اگر در طراحی مناظر شهری خواسته های مردم در نظر گرفته شود، محیط ساخته شده حاصل از آن، پذیرش و رضایت بهتر افراد جامعه را در پی خواهد داشت.Improving the Environmental Qualities of City Entrances According to People's Views (A Case Study: Saqqez City Entrances)
Extend abstract Abstract The rapid growth of population could have negative consequences for urban life in urban areas and has caused unfavorable development of cities. With expansive growth of cities, their shapes, forms, and structures have been disrupted. The city entrance has an important role, which has changed over time. In the process of changing, the city entrance has got a new form. Its concept can be understood by having a look in its past and structure. The city entrance plays an important role in creating its general image in the human mind. However, it seems that the entrance structures of of today's cities consist of empty buildings and abandoned lands, which not only could not respond to the need for action, but also lack the identity and function of connection between the two different spaces, with the edges unfavorable to the city. The aim of this study was to identify the effective factors in improving the quality of city entrances. In terms of purpose, this research was an applied one with a descriptive cross-sectional method and quantitative data based on nature. Also, it was a survey research in terms of how it was conducted. Based on people's opinions, the results of this study showed that the variables of environment and green space, traffic, and facilities and furniture were more preferred. The integration of general and specialized perception approaches in landscape management processes could contribute to the development of urban landscape. Finally, it can be said that the resulting environment could be better accepted and satisfied by people if their demands are taken into account for designing urban landscapes. Keywords: city Entrances,";"urban landscape";"Saqqez";"environmental quality Introduction A city is a spatial landscape in which achieving a healthy environment is considered. Human destiny is determined not in the countryside, but in cities. This shows the unrivaled role and importance of cities in the life of human society. Accordingly, the world has rapidly turned into urbanization. Public spaces in cities and their attractions can change human behaviors and play an important role in creating human culture (Muzaffar et al., 2016: 74) Social, economic, cultural, and political developments resulting from the modernization of human life in urban spaces have affected each region and area. The uncontrolled growth of urban population and lack of an appropriate and optimal model of urban growth leading cities towards industrialization have doubled urban problems and challenges. Migration to cities and increasing urban population have fueled these challenges. Currently, 54% of the world's population lives in cities and it is predicted that this figure will reach about 66% by 2050 (Girma et al., 2019: 139). Studies also show that world's population has increased by 423% from 1950 to 2014 (Kim et al., 2017: 82). City entrance is one of its most attractive parts providing one of its most influential memories. It should have a special identity and characteristics in order to be distinguished from other cities. It should also have certain environmental qualities to meet the audience’s needs (Habibi et al., 2019: 5). In terms of function, this space usually faces a disproportionate distribution of actions, activities, and uses, which are very effective in enhancing the environmental quality of field performance. Today, reduction of quality indicators in urban public spaces is one of the problems that cities have faced. Since the city entrance space is one of the urban spaces and is located in the middle of city with its physical development, paying attention to the concept of entrance and environmental quality needs special attention regarding the urban space. Urban spaces are important in human life activities and affect people’s life quality. However, development of urban space management strategies by experts and paying attention to people's perceptions of urban spaces are often overlooked (Dupont et al., 2015: 68). Therefore, in planning and managing public spaces, it is necessary to pay attention to the users’ perceptions of these spaces (Rossetti et al., 2019: 177). Integrating the specialists and non-specialists’ approaches in the landscape management processes can help improve the quality of urban landscapes (Vouligny et al., 2009: 890). Evidence shows that in Iran, the non-specialists’ views in urban spaces, especially about the entrances of cities, have not been paid attention to. Therefore, this study tried to examine the current situation of Saqqez entrances by considering the factors affecting the qualities of the entrance environments of cities from the perspectives of the indigenous people of Saqqez, travelers, and tourists. Materials & Methods Study area Saqqez City is located to the northwest of Sanandaj City (the province center) with a distance of approximately 190 km. It is situated between the north latitudes of 36◦ 13' and 36◦ 16' minutes and east longitudes of 46◦ 14' and 46◦ 17'. It has got a population of 168.359 and been divided into 22 neighborhoods and 8 districts. Fig. 1. Map of the study area. Questionnaire Structure The first section of the questionnaire contained demographic information. Before answering the questions, the participants were asked to offer their personal socio-demographic information, including marital status, age, education level, monthly income, and city of residence. Another section of the questionnaire dealt with the independent and dependent variables of the research. The questionnaire was designed based on the Likert spectrum with a closed structure. Survey Population and Sample Size The statistical population of the present study included the native people of Saqqez, as well as the travelers and tourists, who were present at the city entrances. The respondents were selected from among the clients, who were present at its entrances during the summer of 2019. Also, the residents, employees, travelers, and tourists of this area were randomly selected as the statistical population. Due to the uncertainty of the population size (number of inputs) in this study, the number of sample members was obtained using the Mitra-Langford method. The most relevant formula with a suitable solution was the formula proposed by Mitra and Lankford (1999). This formula significantly prevented errors by reducing the sampling error and increasing the confidence level, while at the same time lowering the non-sampling error. The standard deviation was assumed to be equal to 2.88, resulting in the sampling size of 300 persons: e = √ (P (1-P)/n); P = 50% and e = 2.88% 2.88% = √ (50 %( 1-50%)/n) → n = 300 Discussion of Results Evaluation of people's views based on the current situation and factors affecting the qualities of entrance spaces in Saqqez City The respondents mostly agreed with the two effective components of the environment and green space (f=247 and 82.4%) and traffic component (f=246 and 82%), respectively. They considered these components as the most important factors in improving the qualities of the entrance environments of cities. The research findings showed that there were different opinions. Most of the respondents (f=136, 45.3%) evaluated the attractiveness and qualities of the entrances of Saqez City to be completely unsatisfactory. Only about 5 percent of respondents assessed the situation to be favorable and completely desirable (f=18.5, 5.5%). The respondents’ general views indicated lack of sufficient utility. This issue highlighted the need for appropriate measures to improve the qualities of the entrances to Saqqez City. People's views on the independent variables based on their demographic characteristics of age and education In this section, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to identify the differences between the factors affecting the quality of the input environment based on the people's views. The respondents’ levels of education and age were arranged in 4 categories in the form of sequential variables. According to the variable of education, the value of the chi-square test for the variable of traffic was 9.637. Also, the value of the variable of environment and green space was 9.310, which was significant at the level of 0.05. According to the variable of age, the value of the chi-square test for the visual variable was equal to 7.904, which was significant at the level of 0.05%. Also, the variable of traffic was 13.99, which was significant at the level of 0.01. Therefore, the results showed a significant difference between the main factors of the research from the perspectives of the people with different education levels and ages. The Mann-Whitney test was used to identify the differences between the factors affecting the quality of the input environment based on the people's views. The respondents’ marital status and residence in a 2-floor apartment were adjusted in the form of sequential variables. Also, according to the variable of marital status, the variable of traffic was significant at the level of 0.01. Therefore, the results showed a significant difference between the main factors of the research from the people's point of view based on the place of residence and marital status. Conclusions The descriptive results of data analysis showed that the entrances of Saqqez City were not of good quality in general because most respondents had an unfavorable viewpoint about this component. The physical design inability of the route to create a situation for public monitoring, the existence of abandoned buildings and barren lands, industrial workshops and repair shops, military uses, the existence of vague and defenseless spaces along the route, and the impossibility of active gathering of people were the reasons. The reason for the alienation of space in areas that had the potential to create green spots fueled this phenomenon. In many places, the green space around the entrances was only visual and inaccessible and along this axis, the points that had the potential to provide footpaths for people had been left unattended. Studies have shown that the environment and green space with the highest average are in better conditions compared to other components. The results of this study were consistent with the findings of Mosallanejad and Moztarzadeh (1396) and Nahibi and Sadat Hassan Dokht (1391). In addition to improving the quality of the environment, urban green space has an impact on the quality of life in cities and has a positive and significant relationship with life satisfaction (Maidzadeh and Farrokhian, 1398; Yuan et al., 2018). The study of Khaljani also revealed that the expansion of urban parks and green space at the entrances of Tabriz City was an important factor in increasing the tourists’ length of stay in the city and also attracting tourists by creating welfare facilities, security, and amenities, such as camp, surrounding landscape, recreational facilities, interior space, and proximity to the city, showing a positive relationship (Khaljani, 2014). The variable of traffic is in the second place. The factor of optimal traffic to entrances of cities is one of the effective factors in improving the quality of the environment. Similar studies have shown that traffic signs play an important role in directing traffic flow (Mina et al., 2013). Also, traffic signs are commonly used to regulate, warn, and guide road users. Signs on the streets and roads are a vital element and the widespread understanding of signs and traffic signs has a great impact on traffic safety (Taamneh & Alkheder, 2018; Hou & Lu, 2018). Furniture and facilities are ranked third after traffic with very little difference. The results of this study were consistent with those of Azadkhani and TahmasebiKia (2016) and Basiri and ZeinaliAzim (2017). There is a general consensus that social and demographic characteristics affect people's perceptions and preferences from one perspective, but may differ in population groups with different cultures and social characteristics (Zhou et al., 2018; Jiang and Yuan, 2017). The importance of examining the preferences of different cognitive socio-collective groups over landscape quality indicators has been proven in a number of previous studies. Therefore, in planning and managing public spaces, it is necessary to pay attention to the perception of users of these spaces (Rossetti et al., 2019: 177; Surová & Pinto-Correia, 2016: 35). Landscape management can help improve urban landscape (Vouligny et al., 2009: 890) since its users have some expectations that may lead to incompatibility between space and citizens if not in line with reality (Daniel, 2001: 267). It is clear that recognizing people's desires and preferences is not only an educational challenge, but also vital for policy-making and implementation. It also helps to create more attractive places and promote environmental services (Zheng et al., 2011: 7) so that urban public spaces can be better accepted and satisfied. Consideration: This article was extracted from a thesis entitled “Assessing and Designing the Landscapes of City Entrances (Case Study: Saqqez Entrances)” in Tabriz University.
تبلیغات
